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Twin and adoption studies have shown that there is substantial genetic influence on antisocial behavior. MODULE 7: STATING THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION This chapter talks about how the changes or modification of the "bio", "psycho" and the "socio" component of the person affect his or her behavior. Despite these limitations, neuroimaging has implications for policy and practice reducing antisocial behavior. 1. CTE is an advanced form of TBI that currently can only be diagnosed through post mortem brain autopsies (Lindsley, Citation2017). Thankfully, these studies are rarely orchestrated the way they were decades ago due to ethical concerns with purposefully splitting up families that could overwise remain united (see, Hoffman & Oppenheim, Citation2019), though they are still illuminating from a scientific standpoint. All 50 states in the US and Washington D.C. currently have laws regarding TBI awareness in school and/or best practices for student athletes post-concussion (NCSL, Citation2018), but physicians and school officials should also encourage parents and caretakers to monitor childrens personality and behavior after a head injury. In collaboration with statistician Karl Pearson (of the Pearson correlation coefficient), Goring collected anthropometric and conviction data on 3000 incarcerated individuals and non-convicted controls described in The English Convict: A Statistical Study. Research on the biological and social components of crime has uncovered many risk factors associated with crime, but more research needs to be conducted in this area. This book was highly influential in the resurgence of biosocial criminology. Given the links between TBI and antisocial outcomes, it could be the case that elevated rates of TBI in part account for higher rates of incarceration among Black and Hispanic males, though this remains speculative. Family studies are often used in behavioral genetics research (Berryessa & Cho, Citation2013). Another treatment that could be explored is omega-3 supplementation to reduce antisocial behavior in children and adults (Portnoy et al., Citation2018; Raine et al., Citation2021). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology quickly followed, but did not gain popularity in U.S. medicine until 1984 (Bhid et al., Citation2021b). By summing risk alleles (which have relatively low effect sizes on their own) that are associated with a given behavior, a polygenic risk score can be calculated (Choi et al., Citation2020). Hootons anthropological study of incarcerated people was methodologically flawed, however. The "bio" component of this theory examines aspects of biology that influence health. These conditions made it possible for sociological theories of crime to dominate criminology while vilifying biological explanations of crime (Lindesmith & Levin, Citation1937; Raine, Citation2002b). . Goring claimed that Lombrosos observational methodology was insufficient; rather than describing someone as being above average height or having pronounced cheekbones, Goring felt that actual measurements of these features would be more scientifically rigorous and reproducible (Driver, Citation1957). The biopsychosocial model of criminal offending purports that the preponderance of dysfunction within each domain of functioning . 3. Major Theories of Crime Causation - Tutorsploit In that case, the individuals would still be responsible for their actions, head injured or not. Those with low physiological reactivity have been found to be more resistant to interventions against antisociality, suggesting that distinct therapeutic approaches for people with differing baseline levels of activation may be needed (Barnes et al., Citation2020).