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The year John F. Kennedy was elected to the White House, more than fifteen African nations became sovereign (Mazrui and Tidy, 362). The Soviet Union supplied weapons to the MPLA, which was aided by Cuban troops. [66] After gaining popularity, her voice became a powerful source of African feminist and anti-colonial sentiment. Margaret Ekpo was a chief, a politician, and a nationalist independence leader. [39], Prime Minister Harold Macmillan gave the famous "Wind of Change" speech in South Africa in February 1960, where he spoke of "the wind of change blowing through this continent". Control of the Nile was viewed as a strategic and commercial advantage. It began to be argued that a remedy lay in more active development of the overseas territories controlled by Europe. Although the various interests in the NP had different interpretations of apartheid, the party essentially had three connected goals: to entrench itself in power, to promote Afrikaner concerns, and to protect white supremacy. He also established close ties with the white South African government, which supplied much of Malawis direct aid. [10], Over time, urban communities, industries, and trade unions grew, improving literacy and education, and leading to pro-independence newspaper establishments. READ: Connecting Decolonization and the Algeria 2. Various attempts by the British to resolve the conflictincluding a referendum on a new constitution in 1972all failed, and by the late 1970s the Rhodesian army and the guerrillas pursued the war with increasing ferocity, both sides often intimidating and torturing recruits in the rural areas. The 1970s were a time of escalating wars of liberation in Mozambique, Angola, Namibia, and Zimbabwe. This was the same level of expenditure, roughly $60 per capita, as envisaged for French West Africa. List of sovereign states by date of formation - Wikipedia Until the death of Sobhuza II in 1982, all opposition to the government and to its close links with South Africa was suppressed. Do you know that if you join hands with us in the current political activities, your children could one day live in European quarters? Botswana was undoubtedly the most successful economically and politically and retained the most open political institutions and the most distance from South Africa. [41], Britain's remaining colonies in Africa, except for Southern Rhodesia, were all granted independence by 1968. (2006). In South West Africa, too, the National Party increased its control in the 1950s and 60s. While at the end of the colonial period imperial interests still controlled the economies of the region, by the end of the 20th century South Africa had become the dominant economic power. Josina Machel was a prominent leader in FRELIMO and a freedom fighter for Mozambique. [8] Britain and France had the largest holdings, but Germany, Spain, Italy, Belgium, and Portugal also had colonies. [62] In British-ruled Nigeria, colonial rulers had concentrated the power on male chiefs. WebWhich three African countries gained independence after 1945? Harold MacMillan, British Prime Center of the Vandal Kingdom (435439) Michalopoulos, Stelios; Papaioannou, Elias (2020-03-01). Kingdom of the Aurs (484703) Long governed as part of South Africa, in 1949 South West Africa became South Africas fifth province, and its white population was swollen by about 3,000 immigrants. Nevertheless, technological innovation led to high unemployment for the unskilled, and urban conditions for Africans continued to deteriorate as impoverished homeland inhabitants defied the pass laws and sought work in town.