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From a theoretical point of view, the lowest concentration affecting growth of any species in a community represents the lower boundary for possible resistance selection. Antimicrobial (Drug) Resistance - National Institute of Allergy and What causes antibiotic resistance? A. HIV 13, 155165 (2013). In this Review, we describe our current understanding of the role of the environment in the evolution of resistance and as a route for transmission of resistant bacteria that already circulate in humans. Environ. Ebmeyer, S., Erik, K. & Larsson, D. G. J. C. Type-2 ISSN 1740-1526 (print). Dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria into the Arctic. Pawlowski, A. C. et al. J. & Van Houdt, R. The impact of insertion sequences on bacterial genome plasticity and adaptability. B. The consequences of each transmission event are limited, and the risks are in principle quantifiable. The latter is the method of choice of the Global Sewage Surveillance Project115, a large research initiative that covers more than 100 countries. B. Lancet Infect. This chain of events is very difficult to trace back, and also to study in controlled experiments. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00158 (2011). D. bacteria, 16. C. CA125 B. breast Plasmid-mediated fitness advantage of Acinetobacter baylyi in sulfadiazine-polluted soil. Rev. Discovery of a novel integron-borne aminoglycoside resistance gene present in clinical pathogens by screening environmental bacterial communities. Measures to limit the risk for transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria could involve both reducing emissions to the environment and/or reducing exposure166. C. Change sheets frequently. Evolution of viruses (article) | Khan Academy Microbiome https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0379-y (2017). 25, 173181 (2017). Different types of sources of antibiotic pollution typically give rise to different levels of exposure to aquatic bacterial communities. Alternatively, increased ARG abundances could be merely the result of faecal pollution104, which primarily would be informative about risks for transmission. (p. 321) Heart attack Antibiotics are overused in fish and cattle production. B. the rate of bacteria growth, and poor hand washing practices. (p. 323) Blood clot that forms in a narrowed or damaged artery Environ. Antimicrobials in agriculture and the environment: reducing unnecessary waste, https://amr-review.org/Publications.html (2015). Which of the following statements regarding bacteria and viruses is false? Nat. Antimicrobial use in aquaculture re-examined: its relevance to antimicrobial resistance and to animal and human health.