describes pragmatism to be based on both realist and idealist metaphysics. It is, however, beyond the purpose and scope of this paper to go into any depth of this challenging matter. The social world of people is, however, full of meaning. Login or create a profile so that It is interesting to note that the world does not seem to consist of objects in this constructivist view. According to the authors, this principle is foundational for all interpretive work and it is also a basis for the other six principles. Iivari J and Venable J (2009) Action research and design science research seemingly similar but decisively dissimilar. Constructivism Transformativism Pragmatism In this guide, only positivism and post-positivism will be discussed. Positivist make use of observation and experiment in the study. Positivism, Post-Positivism and Interpretivism - E-International Available at: