Which communities will transform themselves into dynamic innovation hubs in 2012 and beyond? Drawing on a wealth of new studies, the author uncovers what smart policies may be appropriate to address the social challenges that are arising. Dealing with this split, supporting growth in the hubs while arresting the decline elsewhere, will be the challenge of the century. This divideI will call it the Great Divergencehas its origins in the 1980s, when American cities started to be increasingly defined by their residents levels of education. In this context, initial advantages matter, and the future depends heavily on the past. As the global economy shifted from manufacturing to innovation, geography was supposed to matter less. For those who are curious about how the United States will continue to thrive in the global 21st century economy, I can think of no better book to read than The New Geography of Jobs. It reflects a broader national trend. A part of the $321 that Apple receives ends up in the pockets of Apples stockholders, but some of it goes to Apples employees in Cupertino. The process by which the iPhone is produced illustrates how the new global economy is reshaping the location of jobs and presenting new challenges for American workers. The value created in Shenzhen is very low, because assembly can be done anywhere in the world. Take the typical forty-year-old male worker with a high school education: today his hourly wage is 8 percent lower than his fathers was in 1980, adjusted for inflation. While innovation will never be responsible for the majority of jobs in the United States, it has a disproportionate effect on the economy of American communities. The focus on short-term events often results in information that is incomplete, irrelevant, or both. CONTENTS Introduction 1 1. Javascript is not enabled in your browser. At a superficial level, the story of the iPhone is troubling. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. "Edward Glaeser, author of The Triumph of the City, "Decade after decade, smart and educated people flock away from Merced, Calif., Yuma, Ariz., Flint, Mich., and Vineland, N.J. But today there are three Americas. An unprecedented redistribution of jobs, population, and wealth is under way in America, and it is likely to accelerate in the years to come. What should be in this years budget? Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
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